Index

List of autoimmune neurological disorders in children, categorized by their primary clinical or pathophysiological presentation

Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders

Demyelinating Disorders

  • Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
  • Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) (associated with anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies)
  • MOG Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD)

Autoimmune Encephalitis

  • Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis
  • Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis
  • Anti-GABA-A Receptor Encephalitis
  • Anti-GABA-B Receptor Encephalitis
  • Anti-AMPA Receptor Encephalitis
  • Anti-CASPR2 Encephalitis
  • Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis

Vasculitic Disorders

  • Primary CNS Vasculitis (PCNSV)
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with CNS involvement
  • Behçet’s Disease with Neurological Manifestations

Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes

  • Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome (OMS) (associated with neuroblastoma)
  • Anti-Hu Antibody Syndrome
  • Anti-Ri Antibody Syndrome

Autoimmune Epilepsies

  • Rasmussen’s Encephalitis
  • Anti-GAD65 Antibody Epilepsy
  • Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis with Seizures

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Disorders

Neuropathies

  • Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
    • Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP)
    • Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN)
    • Acute Motor-Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN)
  • Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)
  • Anti-MAG Neuropathy

Neuromuscular Junction Disorders

  • Myasthenia Gravis (MG) (associated with acetylcholine receptor or MuSK antibodies)
  • Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)

Dysautonomia

  • Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy

Movement Disorders

  • Sydenham’s Chorea (associated with rheumatic fever)
  • Autoimmune Basal Ganglia Encephalitis
    • PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections)
    • PANS (Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome)
  • Anti-Dopamine Receptor Antibody-Associated Movement Disorders

Neuromuscular Disorders

  • Autoimmune Myositis
    • Juvenile Dermatomyositis
    • Polymyositis
  • Stiff Person Syndrome

Systemic Autoimmune Diseases with Neurological Involvement

  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
  • Antiphospholipid Syndrome
  • Sjogren’s Syndrome
  • Sarcoidosis with Neurological Manifestations (Neurosarcoidosis)
  • Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)

Rare Autoimmune Neurological Disorders

  • Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy (also known as Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis, or SREAT)
  • Neuropsychiatric Syndromes in Celiac Disease
  • Autoimmune Epileptic Syndromes
  • Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Pediatric Malignancies
  • Bickerstaff Brainstem Encephalitis

Overlap Syndromes

  • Overlap Autoimmune Demyelinating Syndrome (OADS)
    • Features of both NMOSD and MOGAD
  • Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes with Neurological Features