List of autoimmune neurological disorders in children, categorized by their primary clinical or pathophysiological presentation

Central Nervous System (CNS) Disorders

Demyelinating Disorders

• Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
• Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) (associated with anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies)
• MOG Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD)

Autoimmune Encephalitis

• Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis
• Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis
• Anti-GABA-A Receptor Encephalitis
• Anti-GABA-B Receptor Encephalitis
• Anti-AMPA Receptor Encephalitis
• Anti-CASPR2 Encephalitis
• Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis

Vasculitic Disorders

• Primary CNS Vasculitis (PCNSV)
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with CNS involvement
• Behçet’s Disease with Neurological Manifestations

Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes

• Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome (OMS) (associated with neuroblastoma)
• Anti-Hu Antibody Syndrome
• Anti-Ri Antibody Syndrome

Autoimmune Epilepsies

• Rasmussen’s Encephalitis
• Anti-GAD65 Antibody Epilepsy
• Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis with Seizures

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Disorders

Neuropathies

• Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
  • Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP)
  • Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN)
  • Acute Motor-Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN)
• Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP)
• Anti-MAG Neuropathy

Neuromuscular Junction Disorders

• Myasthenia Gravis (MG) (associated with acetylcholine receptor or MuSK antibodies)
• Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)

Dysautonomia

• Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy

Movement Disorders

• Sydenham’s Chorea (associated with rheumatic fever)
• Autoimmune Basal Ganglia Encephalitis
  • PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections)
  • PANS (Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome)
• Anti-Dopamine Receptor Antibody-Associated Movement Disorders

Neuromuscular Disorders

• Autoimmune Myositis
  • Juvenile Dermatomyositis
  • Polymyositis
• Stiff Person Syndrome

Systemic Autoimmune Diseases with Neurological Involvement

• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
• Antiphospholipid Syndrome
• Sjogren’s Syndrome
• Sarcoidosis with Neurological Manifestations (Neurosarcoidosis)
• Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)

Rare Autoimmune Neurological Disorders

• Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy (also known as Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis, or SREAT)
• Neuropsychiatric Syndromes in Celiac Disease
• Autoimmune Epileptic Syndromes
• Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Pediatric Malignancies
• Bickerstaff Brainstem Encephalitis

Overlap Syndromes

• Overlap Autoimmune Demyelinating Syndrome (OADS)
  • Features of both NMOSD and MOGAD
• Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes with Neurological Features