Aphasia/Dysphasia

• Acquired disruption of language function (expressive or receptive/mixed).
• Can be fluent or non-fluent.
• Causes:
  • Brain trauma, stroke, cerebral infections (e.g., herpes simplex encephalitis), neoplasms, and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Niemann-Pick disease, adrenoleukodystrophy).
• Frequently coexists with dysarthria and dyspraxia, especially with diffuse brain insults.

Auditory Agnosia

• Difficulty interpreting auditory inputs (speech, environmental sounds).
• Often linked to Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) and other epileptic encephalopathies.
• Can stem from bilateral dysfunction of primary auditory cortical areas.