Introduction

  • Definition: A rare developmental disorder characterized by:
    • Developmental delay
    • Hypotonia
    • Distinctive facial dysmorphism (elongated palpebral fissures, arched eyebrows, depressed nasal tip, thickened lower lip, prominent ears)
    • Growth retardation
    • Multisystem involvement (cardiac, gastrointestinal, renal, immunological)
  • Epidemiology:
    • Estimated prevalence: 1 in 32,000
    • Initially thought to be specific to East Asians, but occurs across ethnicities
  • Genetic Basis:
    • KMT2D mutations (75% of cases, autosomal dominant)
    • KDM6A mutations (5%, X-linked dominant)
    • Unknown etiology in ~20% of cases
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